Do mice express TLR7?
For example, in the mouse, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) express both TLR7 and TLR8; whereas, in humans pDC express TLR7 and conventional or myeloid dendritic cells (cDC) express TLR8 [1], [4].
Which cells express TLR7?
Constitutive expression of TLR7 is predominant in human and murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and B cells compared to other circulating immune cells (22–24). Low levels of TLR7 have also been observed in non-immune cells such as hepatocytes, epithelial cells, and keratinocytes (25–28).
What does TLR7 recognize?
TLR7 is an endosomal sensor that recognizes ssRNA viruses and synthetic oligoribonucleotides (ORN) such as imidazoquinoline, imiquimod, and R-848 [2,14,18]. The ORNs sensed by TLR7 are typically AU rich. TLR7 is primarily, but not only, expressed in hematopoietic cells such as plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and B cells [35].
Do mice express TLR8?
TLR8 mRNA expression was upregulated in mice susceptible to demyelinating disease after viral infection and in a subset of MS patients. A recent study revealed that expression as well as signaling of TLR8 is defective in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with MS compared to healthy donors.
What cells express TLR7 and TLR8?
Dendritic cells and macrophages are the main producers of TLR7 and TLR8 (179,180), although human airway epithelial cells and primary cardiac cells can be induced to express these receptors on infection with RNA viruses (181,182).
Where is TLR8?
TLR8 is known to be primarily expressed in monocytes/macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells (DCs),21,22 while TLR7 is predominately expressed in plasmacytoid DCs and, to some extent, in B cells and monocytes/macrophages.
Where is TLR7 found?
TLR7 and its functionally related gene TLR8, located on the X chromosome, encode proteins that recognize endogenous RNA-containing autoantigens and induce the production of IFN-α, leading to autoimmunity.
What is a TLR7 agonist?
TLR 7 agonists are small molecules. They stimulate innate immune cells leading to the activation of humoral and cellular immunity, thus engendering a series of anti-tumor activities. The mechanism of action of TLR7 agonists is associated with the MYD88-dependent pathway and caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway.
What is the difference between TLR7 and TLR8?
TLR7 and TLR8 are phylogenetically and structurally related. TLR7 is predominantly expressed in lung, placenta, and spleen, while TLR8 is predominantly expressed in lung and peripheral blood leukocytes, in particular monocytes.
Where are TLRs expressed?
TLRs are expressed in innate immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages as well as non-immune cells such as fibroblast cells and epithelial cells.
How do TLRs work?
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that initiate the innate immune response by sensing conserved molecular patterns for early immune recognition of a pathogen (1).
What stimulates TLR7?
TLR7 is known to respond to synthetic imidazoquinoline anti-viral compounds, although the natural ligand has not yet been discovered [52]. It is possible that these drugs act by mimicking a viral component, and that this component is the PAMP that stimulates TLR7.